INTRODUCCIÓN

El analizador de impedancias es un instrumento que permite realizar, entre otras cosas, mediciones de 11 parámetros relacionados con la impedancia: módulo de la impedancia (|Z|), módulo de la admitancia (|Y|), ángulo de fase (q), resistencia (R), reactancia (X), conductancia (G), susceptancia (B), inductancia (L), capacitancia (C), factor de disipación (D) y factor de calidad (Q).

1. DESCRIPCIÓN

A continuación se describen los conectores, indicadores y controles del equipo.

1.1 FRONT PANEL

[1] LINE OFF/ON:  Applies ac line power to the instrument when set to the ON position. Removes ac line power when set to the OFF position.

[2] Trigger Lamp:  Comes on each time the instrument is internally, externally, or manually triggered. Trigger mode is set by the TRIGGER keys [24].

[3] DISPLAY A:  Displays the measured value of the parameter set by the DISPLAY A Function Select Keys [15].  Also displays error codes and messages, SELF TEST [32] results, ZERO offset [29] information, and the HP-lB address ([5] in Rear Panel). Maximum 4½ digits; maximum display is 19999 for L and C measurements, 12999 for other parameter measurements. Number of display digits depends on OSC LEVEL [17] and the measuring range. Display annunciators light to indicate the units of the displayed value.

[4] DISPLAY B:  Displays the measured value of the parameter set by the DISPLAY B Function Select Keys [16]. If the measurement cannot be made, 0F2 or --- is displayed. When DISPLAY A Function [15] is set to A (dBm/dBV) or B (dBm/dBV), this display is blank. Maximum 4½ digits; maximum display is 18000 for phase (q) measurements, 12999 for other parameter measurements. Number of display digits depends on OSC LEVEL [17] and the measuring range. Display annunciators light to indicate the units of the displayed value.

[5] Test Parameter Data Display (DISPLAY C):  Displays test parameter values (FREQ. BIAS, and OSC LEVEL). Test parameters are set by the test PARAMETER Select keys [17]. Maximum 7½ digits for frequency; 4½ digits for OSC LEVEL and DC BIAS. Annunciator lamps, located to the right of the display, light to indicate the units of the displayed value. Also displays error codes, overflow annunciation, and information related to the SAVE function.

[6] BIAS ON Indicator:  Comes on when dc bias is applied to the DUT; goes off when the BIAS OFF key [28] is pressed.

[7] D/D% Keys and Indicators:  These keys -one for DISPLAY A and one for DISPLAY B- are used for deviation (D) or percent deviation (D%) measurement. For percent deviation (D%), the BLUE key [37] must be pressed before the D/D% key.

D (Delta):  The difference between the measured value of the DUT and a previously stored reference value is displayed by pressing this key. The formula used to calculate the deviation is:  A-B where A is the measured value of the DUT and B is the stored reference value

D%:  The difference between the measured value of the DUT and a previously stored reference value is displayed as a percentage of the reference value. The formula used to calculate the percent deviation is (A-B)/B *100(%)  where A is the measured value of the DUT and B is the stored reference value.

[8] CHANNEL B (TEST INPUT) Connector:  Used in conjunction with CHANNEL A [9] and OSC OUTPUT in transmission characteristics measurements, i.e., gain/loss (B-A), level (A or B), phase, group delay. Output port of the network under test is connected to this connector. Input impedance is 1MW±2%, shunted by 25pF±5pF. Maximum input voltage is AC 2Vrms and DC±35V.

[9] CHANNEL A (REFERENCE INPUT) Connector:  Used in conjunction with CHANNEL B [8] and OSC OUTPUT [11] in transmission characteristics measurements, i.e., gain/loss (B—A), level (A or B), phase, group delay. The 5Hz-13MHz signal from OSC OUTPUT [11] is simultaneously applied to the input port of the network under test and this connector. Input impedance, shunt capacitance, and maximum input voltage of CHANNEL A are the same as those of CHANNEL B [8].

[10] CABLE LENGTH Switch:   This switch has meaning in impedance measurements only. It facilitates balancing of the measuring bridge circuit and minimizes measurement errors when the standard 1 meter test leads are used.

1 m: Set the switch to this position when using the standard 1 meter test leads. Appropriate compensation is made for propagation delay and phase error caused by the test leads in high frequency measurements.

0:  Set the switch to this position when using a direct attachment type test fixture (connects to the UNKNOWN terminals [12]).

[11] OSC OUTPUT Connector:  Used in conjunction with CHANNEL A [9] and CHANNEL B [8] in transmission characteristics measurements, i.e., gain/loss (B-A), level (A or B), phase, group delay. Provides a 5Hz to 13 MHz stimulus signal for the network under test (output of network is connected to CHANNEL B [8]) and the reference signal for CHANNEL A [9]. Output impedance is approximately 50W.

[12] UNKNOWN Terminals:  Used for impedance/phase measurements -|Z|, |Y|, R, G, L, C, X, B, phase- these four BNC connectors provide the means to connect DUT’s -components or networks- in a four terminal pair configuration: High current terminal (H_CUR), High potential terminal (H_POT), Low current terminal (L_CUR), and Low potential terminal (L_POT). Four terminal pair test fixture attaches directly to these terminals.

[13] GROUND Terminal:  This terminal is tied to the instrument’s chassis ground and can be used in measurements that require guarding.

[14] HP-IB Status Indicators and LOCAL key:  These four LED lamps -SRQ, LISTEN, TALK, and REMOTE- indicate the status of the 4192A when it is interfaced with a controller via the HP-lB.  The LOCAL key, when pressed, releases the instrument from REMOTE (HP-IB) control and enables front-panel control. The LOCAL key does not function when the instrument is set to local lockout by the controller.

[15] DISPLAY A Function Select Keys and Indicators:  These keys -ß and Ý- are used in con­junction with the CIRCUIT MODE keys [27] to select the primary measurement parameter for display on DISPLAY A. The selectable parameters are |Z|/|Y|, R/G, L, C, B-A (dB), A (dBm/dBV), or B (dBm/dBV). The selected parameter is indicated by the corresponding LED lamp. Pressing either of these keys shifts the selected parameter in the indicated direction (ß , Ý).

|Z|/|Y|:  When CIRCUIT MODE [27] is set to AUTO or , the instrument measures |Z| (absolute value of the DUT’s impedance) and q (phase angle) in degrees or radians (depends on DISPLAY A Function [16] setting); the results are displayed on DISPLAY A (|Z|) and DISPLAY B (q) to provide a polar representation (|Z|Ð q) of the DUT’s impedance. When CIRCUIT MODE [27] is set to ,the instrument measures |Y| (absolute value of the DUT’s admittance) and q (phase angle) in degrees or radians; the results are displayed on DISPLAY A (|Y|) and DISPLAY B (q) to provide a polar representation (|Y|Ð q) of the DUT’s admittance.

R/G:  When CIRCUIT MODE [27] is set to , the instrument measures R (resistance of the DUT) and X (reactance of the DUT); the results are displayed on DISPLAY A (R) and DISPLAY B (X) to provide a rectangular (Cartesian) representation (R±jX) of the DUT’s impedance.  When CIRCUIT MODE [27] is set to , the instrument measures G (conductance) and B (susceptance); the results are displayed on DISPLAY A (G) and DISPLAY B (B) to provide a rectangular (Cartesian) representation (G ±jB) of the DUT’s admittance.

L:  Measures inductance and -depending on the setting of DISPLAY B Function [16]- Q (quality factor), D (dissipation factor), or R/G (equivalent series resistance or equivalent parallel conductance [to measure G, CIRCUIT MODE [27] must be set to the results are displayed on DISPLAY A and DISPLAY B, respectively.

C:  Measures capacitance and -depending on the setting of DISPLAY B Function [16] -Q (quality factor), D (dissipation factor), or R/G (equivalent series resistance or equivalent parallel conductance [to measure G, CIRCUIT MODE [27] must be set to ]); the results are displayed on DISPLAY A[3] and DISPLAY B[4], respectively.

B-A (dB):  Measures the relative amplitude of the reference input (CHANNEL A [9]) and the test input (CHANNEL B [8]). The result is displayed on DISPLAY A [3]. Also measures group delay or phase in degrees or radians (selected by DISPLAY B Function [16]).  The value displayed on DISPLAY A [3] is the gain or loss of the network under test. Group delay or phase is displayed on DISPLAY B[4].

A (dBm/dBV):  Measures the absolute amplitude of the reference input (CHANNEL A [9]) in dBm or dBV (selected by GAIN MODE Select key [26])· Amplitude is displayed on DISPLAY A [3].  When this parameter is selected, DISPLAY B Function [16] has no selectable parameters and DISPLAY B [4] is blank.

B (dBm/dBV): Measures the absolute amplitude of the test input (CHANNEL B [8]); identical to A (dBm/dBV) in all other respects.

[16] DISPLAY B Function Select Key and Indicators:  This key, ß is used in conjunction with the CIRCUIT MODE keys [27] to select the secondary measurement parameter for display on DISPLAY B [4]. Selectable parameters are q (phase), Q (quality factor), D (dissipation factor), R/G (equivalent series resistance or equivalent parallel conductance), and GROUP DELAY. Phase (q) can only be selected when DISPLAY A Function [15] is set to |Z|/|Y| or B-A (dB); Q, D, and R/G, only when DISPLAY A Function is set to L or C; GROUP DELAY, only when DISPLAY A Function is set to B-A (dB).

The selected parameter is indicated by the corresponding LED lamp.

Pressing this key shifts the selected parameter in the indicated direction (ß).

q (deg):  Measures, in degrees, the phase angle of |Z| (absolute impedance of the DUT) or |Y| (absolute admittance of the DUT).

q (rad):  Measures, in radians, the phase angle of |Z| (absolute impedance of the DUT) or |Y| (absolute admittance of the DUT).

X/B:  These parameters are automatically selected when DISPLAY A Function [15] is set to R/G. X is the reactance of DUT’s impedance; B is the susceptance of the DUT’s admittance.

Q:  Measures the quality factor of the DUT. DISPLAY A Function [15] must be set to L (inductance) or C (capacitance).

D:  Measures the dissipation factor of the DUT. DISPLAY A Function [15] must be set to L (inductance) or C (capacitance).

R/G:  Measures the resistance or conductance of the DUT. DISPLAY A Function [15] must be set to L (inductance) or C (capacitance). CIRCUIT MODE keys [27] determine which of the two parameters (R or G) is selected.

GROUP DELAY:  Measures the group delay between the reference input (CHANNEL A [9]) and test input (CHANNEL B [8]). Can only be selected when DISPLAY A Function [15] is set to B-A (dB).

q (deg):  Measures, in degrees, the phase difference between the reference input (CHANNEL A [9]) and test input (CHANNEL B [8])· Can only be selected when DISPLAY A Function [15] is set to B-A (dB).

q (rad):  Measures, in radians, the phase difference between the reference input (CHANNEL A [9]) and test input (CHANNEL B [8]).  Can only be selected when DISPLAY A Function [15] is set to B-A (dB).

[17] Test PARAMETER Select Keys and Indicators:  These keys are used in conjunction with the DATA input keys [19], ENTER keys [20] and the BLUE key [37] to assign values to the various test parameters; to monitor the test parameters; to save and recall front-panel control settings; and to input reference data for deviation and percent deviation (D/D% [7]) measurements.  Pressing a test parameter key will cause the value of the selected test parameter to be displayed on the Test Parameter Data Display [5]. Lighted indicator lamp (center of each key) indicates selected test parameter. Only one test parameter can be selected. Test parameters labelled in blue are accessible by first pressing the BLUE key [37].

SPOT FREQ/BIAS:  For single point measurements. Sets the spot frequency and spot bias.  When spot bias is set, BIAS ON Indicator [6] lights.

STEP FREQ/BIAS:  For swept measurements. Sets the step (increment) frequency and step (increment) bias.

START FREQ/BIAS:  For swept measurements. Sets the start frequency and start bias.

STOP FREQ/BIAS:  For swept measurements. Sets the stop frequency and stop bias.

OSC LEVEL:  Sets the voltage (rms) of the internal frequency synthesizer (5mVrms to 1.1Vrms).

REF A:  For deviation and percent deviation (D/D% [7]) measurements. Sets the reference value for DISPLAY A.

REF B:  For deviation and percent deviation (D/D% [7]) measurements. Sets the reference value for DISPLAY B.

[18] TEST LEVEL MONITOR Key and Indicator:  Pressing this key displays the level of the test signal applied to the DUT or, if the BLUE key [37] is first pressed, the current through the DUT on the Test Parameter Data Displays [5].  The appropriate annunciator lamp will light.

[19] DATA Input Keys:  These keys (0 thru 9, decimal point, and minus sign) are used to input test parameter values, register numbers for SAVE [22] and RCL [21] functions, and reference data for DISPLAY A (REF A) and DISPLAY B (REF B) deviation measurements  (D/D% [7]).  Data is displayed on the Test Parameter Data Display [5] as it is input.  Each key has a control function -labelled in blue above the key- which is accessible via the BLUE key [37]. These control functions are explained individually in [28] thru [36].

[20] ENTER Keys:  These keys instruct the instrument to read the test parameter data and reference data set by the PARAMETER Select keys [17] and DATA Input keys [19]. Data are not input until one of these keys is pressed.

MHz, V:  Enters the value input from the DATA Input keys [19] in MHz for frequency parameters or V for bias parameters.

kHz, mV:  Enters the value input from the DATA Input keys [19] in kHz for frequency parameters or mV for bias parameters.

Hz, REF DATA:  Enters the value input from the DATA Input key [19] in Hz for frequency parameters or as reference data for deviation measurements.

[21] RCL (Recall) Key:  This key is used to return the instrument to the front-panel control settings, test parameter values, calibration data (ZERO OPEN/SHORT [29]), and reference data saved by the SAVE key [22]. DATA Input keys [19] 0 thru 4 are used to select the desired register. For example, to return the instrument to the control settings stored in register 0, press (RCL/REF B) and (0).

[22] SAVE Key:  This key is used to save (store) front-panel control settings, test parameter values, calibration data (ZERO OPEN/SHORT [29]), and reference data. There are five registers (0 thru 4), so five sets of control settings can be saved. And because the registers are nonvolatile, saved control settings can be recalled (RCL key [21]) even if the instrument has been turned off. To store existing control settings, press (SAVE/REF A) and enter the register number from the DATA Input keys [19].

[23] SWEEP Control Keys and Indicator:  These keys control the instrument’s sweep function. Frequency, bias voltage, and oscillator level can be swept. (Oscillator level can be swept in MAN. mode only.) BIAS ON Indicator [6] must be on for bias voltage sweep; off for frequency sweep. The MAN AUTO key controls the sweep mode. Indicator comes on in AUTO mode. The functions of the other keys are described below for each mode. For log sweep, press the LOG SWEEP key [35].

AUTO

START UP:  Starts the frequency or bias voltage sweep from the value set by the START FREQ./BIAS test parameter key [17]. Sweeps up at the increment (step) set by the STEP FREQ./BIAS test parameter key [17].  Also restarts the sweep after a PAUSE.

PAUSE:  Temporarily stops the sweep to allow the sweep step or sweep direction to be changed. Sweep is restarted by pressing the START UP or START DOWN key.

START DOWN:  Starts the frequency or bias voltage sweep from the value set by the STOP FREQ./BIAS test parameter key [17]. Sweeps down at the increment (step) set by the STEP FREQ./BIAS test parameter key [17]. Also restarts the sweep after a PAUSE.

MAN

STEP UP:  Each time this key is pressed, the frequency or bias voltage is incremented by the value set by the STEP FREQ/BIAS test parameter key[17]. If the OSC LEVEL or TEST LEVEL MONITOR key is pressed, oscillator level will he incremented by 1mV (when level is less than 100mV) or 5mV (when level is greater than 100mV) each time this key is pressed. Sweep becomes continuous when this key is pressed and held.

X10 STEP:  This key is used with the STEP UP Ý or STEP DOWN ß key. Holding this key down while pressing STEP UP Ý or STEP DOWN ß increases the sweep step value by a factor of ten.

STEP DOWN:  Each time this key is pressed, the frequency or bias voltage is decremented by the value set by the STEP FREQ./BIAS test parameter key [17]. If the OSC LEVEL key or TEST LEVEL MONITOR key is pressed, oscillator level will be decremented by 1 mV (when level is less than 100 mV) or 5 mV (when level is greater than 100 mV) each time this key is pressed. Sweep becomes continuous when this key is pressed and held.

[24] TRIGGER:  These keys select the trigger mode for triggering measurement (Internal, External or Hold/Manual):

INT:  Internal trigger signal enables instrument to make repeated automatic measurements. Measurement speed varies depending on the type of measurement, oscillator frequency, and whether normal, average, or high speed is selected.

EXT:  Measurement is triggered by external trigger signal through rear panel EXT TRIGGER input connector ([7] in Rear Panel).

HOLD/MANUAL:  Measurement is triggered each time this key is pushed. Measurement data is held until the next time the key is pressed.

[25] ZY RANGE Select Keys and Indicator:  In impedance measurements, these keys select the measurement range and ranging method of the absolute value of impedance (|Z|: 1W ~ 1MW) or admittance (|Y|: 10mS ~ 10S).

AUTO (when indicator is lit): Optimum range for the sample value is automatically selected.

MANUAL (when indicator is not lit): Measurement range is fixed (even when the sample is changed). Manual ranging is done by pressing adjacent DOWNß or UPÝ key.

Note: Pressing DOWNß or UPÝ key sets the ranging mode to Manual even if the ranging mode was set to AUTO.

[26] GAIN MODE Selector Key:  In amplitude/phase measurements, these keys select the appropriate unit for A (absolute amplitude of reference input) and B (absolute amplitude of test input).

dBm:  Displays absolute amplitude in dBm (=20log₁₀(V+13.01)).

dBV:  Displays absolute amplitude in dBV (=20 log₁₀ V)

[27] CIRCUIT MODE Selector Key:  These keys select desired measurement circuit mode to be used for R/G, C, or L measurement.

AUTO:  Automatically selects appropriate parallel or series equivalent circuit for the sample value. When ZY RANGE [25] up-ranges from the 1kW (10mS) range to 10kW (1mS) range, circuit mode changes from to .  When ZY RANGE [25] down-ranges from the 100W (100mS) range to 10W (1S) range, circuit mode changes from to .

:  Selects equivalent series circuit.

:  Selects equivalent parallel circuit.

Note:  In |Z|/|Y| measurements, ranging does not affect the measurement circuit mode. CIRCUIT MODE keys are used to select |Z| or |Y|. When the circuit mode is set to AUTO or , |Z| is selected; when the circuit mode is set to |Y| is selected.

Note:  The nine secondary functions, [28] thru [36] of the DATA Input keys [19] are accessible by first pressing the BLUE keys [37].

[28] BIAS OFF Key:  This key disables internal dc bias operation. When this key is pressed, no dc bias is applied to the DUT and BIAS ON indicator [6] goes off.

[29] ZERO Offset Keys and Indicators:  These keys perform compensation for the residuals present in the test fixture, test leads, and measurement circuit. ZERO offset can be performed for one spot frequency only. If the spot frequency in changed, ZERO offset must be performed again.

OPEN:  If this key is pressed when the test fixture or test leads are terminated OPEN and the indicator is off, measured value at this time is stored as residual admittance (G+jB) data and the indicator comes on. While the indicator is on, compensation for the residuals is made.

SHORT:  If this key is pressed when the test fixture or test leads are SHORTed and the indicator is off, measured value at this time is stored as residual impedance (R+jX) data and the indicator comes on. While the indicator is lit, compensation for the residuals is made.

[30] AVERAGE Key and Indicator: This key sets the 4192A to the average measurement mode. In the average measurement mode (when the indicator is lit), measurement data has a higher resolution and repeatability than measurement data in the normal or high speed measurement mode. This function is released by repressing the key after pressing the Blue key [37] or by setting the 4192A to the high speed measurement mode [31].

[31] HIGH SPEED Key and Indicator:  This key sets the 4192A to the high speed measurement mode. In the high speed measurement mode (when the indicator is lit), measurement time is shorter (approximately ½) than the measurement time in the normal measurement mode. This function is released by repressing the key after pressing the BLUE key [37] or by setting the 4192A to the average measurement mode.

[32] SELF TEST Key and Indicator: This key initiates the instrument’s SELF TEST function. During SELF TEST (when the indicator is on), six tests, which check the basic functional operation of the instrument, are automatically performed. The results (Pass or Fail) are displayed on DISPLAY A [3]. When the SELF TEST is completed, this mode is released automatically and normal measurement mode (indicator is off) is set.

[33] X-Y RECORDER Function Keys and Indicator:  These keys control the instrument’s analog output capability. Voltage proportional to the measurement results is output from the X-Y RECORD OUTPUT connectors (see [11] in Rear Panel) located on the instrument’s rear-panel. Graphs can be plotted with this capability.

ON:  Analog data representing the measurement results and test parameter value (frequency/bias) are output from the DISPLAY A, DISPLAY B, and FREQ./BIAS RECORDER OUTPUTS on the rear-panel. Indicator lamp is on in this state.

OFF:  No analog data is output, and X-Y Recorder zero and full-scale adjustments can be made. Indicator lamp is off in this state.

¯¬LL:  Provides a reference voltage (0V) from each rear-panel RECORDER OUTPUT. Used for zero-scale adjustment of the X-Y Recorder. When this key is pushed, the recorder pen will be positioned at the lower-left (X and Y are zero) of the plot area.

UR ^®­:  Provides a reference voltage (1V) from each rear-panel RECORDER OUTPUT. Used for full-scale adjustment of the X-Y Recorder. When this key is pushed, the recorder pen will be positioned at the upper-right (X and Y are maximum) of the plot area.

[34] STORE DSPL A/B Key:  This key simultaneously memorizes the measured values displayed on DISPLAY A and DISPLAY B as reference values for deviation measurement.

[35] LOG SWEEP Key and Indicator:  This key sets the log sweep mode. In the log sweep mode (when the indicator is on), the frequency is swept at 20 steps/decade. The steps are automatically selected at logarithmic regular intervals between the decade of the START frequency and the decade of the STOP frequency. STEP FREQ has no meaning in log sweep. This function is released by repressing the key (after pressing the BLUE key [37]).

[36] SWEEP ABORT Key:  This key releases sweep frequency (bias voltage) measurement and activates a spot frequency measurement at the frequency (voltage) point where the sweep is aborted.

[37] BLUE Key:  This key is pressed prior to pressing a blue label function key to interchange a normal key function with a blue label function. This key is pressed to access and release the functions and test parameters labeled in blue on the Test PARAMETER keys [17], DATA Input keys [19], and the D/D% keys [7].

1.2 REAR PANEL

[1] VCO OUTPUT Connector:  Female BNC connector; outputs a 40.000005MHz to 53MHz signal from the internal synthesizer.  This connector is normally connected to the EXT VCO connector [2] with a short-connector.

[2] EXT VCO Connector:  Female BNC connector; receives a 40.000005MHz to 53MHz (input level: 0dBm ~ 3dBm) signal to generate the measurement frequency (5Hz to 13MHz). This connector can be connected to an external frequency synthesizer for better accuracy, stability, and resolution; or to the instrument’s internal synthesizer. Normally connected to the VCO OUTPUT connector [1] with a short-connector.

[3] EXT REFERENCE Connector:  Female BNC connector; receives a 1MHz or 10MHz reference signal from an external signal source to improve the stability of the internal synthesizer. Input impedance is approximately 50W.

[4] 1MHz OUTPUT Connector:  Female BNC connector; outputs a 1MHz square wave (³1.6 Vp-p) to phase-lock external instru­ments. Output impedance is approximnately 50W.

[5] HP-lB Control Switch:  This switch sets the instrument’s HP-IB address (0 ~ 30), data output format (A or B), and interface capability (Talk Only or Addressable).

[6] HP-lB Connector:  Twenty-four pin connector; connects the instrument to the HP-IB for remote operations.

[7] EXT TRIGGER Connector:  This connector is used to externally trigger the instrument by inputting an external trigger signal. TRIGGER key on front panel should be set to EXT.

[8] ~ LINE VOLTAGE SELECTOR Switch:  These switches select the appropriate ac operating voltage. Selectable voltages are 100/120V±10% and 220V±10% / 240V±5%-10% (48~66Hz).

[9] ~ LINE FUSE Holder:  Instrument’s power-line fuse is installed in this holder.

100 V/120V operation: 1.25AT, 250V (HP P/N: 2110-0305)

220 V/240V operation: 0.6AT, 250V (HP P/N: 2110-0016)

[10] ~ LINE Input Receptacle:  AC power cord is connected to this receptacle.

[11] RECORDER OUTPUTS Connectors:  These connectors output dc voltages proportional to the measurement display outputs and test frequency (or internal dc bias voltage), and a pen control signal for the X-Y recorder. Results of swept (frequency of bias) measurements can be plotted by connecting an X-Y recorder to these connectors.

PEN LIFT connector: Outputs pen up/down control signal. When the 4192A is set as follows, this connector outputs a LOW level TTL signal (pen down).

(1)  X-Y RECORDER key on the front-panel is set to ON.

(2)  START UP key or START DOWN key is pressed when X-Y RECORDER and SWEEP MAN/AUTO keys on the front-panel are set to ON.

At other times, this connector outputs a HIGH level TTL signal (pen up).

FREQ/BIAS connector:  Outputs voltage proportional to the test frequency or internal dc bias voltage (from 0V at START frequency/voltage to 1V at STOP frequency/voltage). The output voltage is proportional to the logarithm of the frequency when LOG SWEEP is set to ON.

DISPLAY B connector:  Outputs voltage proportional to the value displayed on DISPLAY B. Normalized value is 1V (max.).

DISPLAY A connector:  Outputs voltage proportional to the value displayed on DISPLAY A. Normalized value is 1V (max.).

2. ESPECIFICACIONES

GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS

MEASURING SIGNAL (23° ± 5°C)

MEASURING MODE

AMPLITUDE-PHASE MEASUREMENT

IMPEDANCE MEASUREMENT

Parameter Measured	|Z|, -q, R-X, G-B, L-D, Q, R, G, C-D, Q, R, G and deviation (D, D%) of all parameters
Display	4 1/2 digits, max. display 12999 counts, 19999 for L and C
Circuit Mode	Series equivalent circuit () and parallel equivalent circuit ().  Automatic selection available.
Auto ZERO Adjustment	Automatic normalization of the readout offset due to residuals of the test fixture by pushbutton operation (at spot frequency)
Measuring Range and Accuracy (23° ± 5°C)	Specified at BNC unknown terminals after 30 minute warmup when OSC level is more than 0.1 V and when auto ZERO adjust is performed (test speed: normal or average).  Accuracy given below is only valid when the measured value is equal to full scale of each range.
|Z|-q, R-X, |Y|-q, G-B Measurement
Parameters	Measurement Range	Basic Accuracy
|Z|, R, X	1.0000 W to 1.000 MW	0.15%
|Y|, G, B	10.000 µS to 10.00 S	0.15%
q	-180.00° to +180.00°	0.08°
R accuracy (D ³ 10); X accuracy (D < 1)
G accuracy (D > 1); B accuracy (D £ 0.1)
L-D · Q, C-D · Q Measurement (automatically calculated from measured Z/Y values)
Parameters	Measurement Range*	Basic Accuracy
L	0.01 nH to 1000 H	0.27%
C	1.0000pF to 199**mF	0.15%
D (1/Q)	0.0001 to 19.999	0.001 (C-measurement) 0.003 (L-measurement)
*Varies with measuring frequency except for D (1/Q)
**Accuracy of C ranges over 100 mF is not specified)
INTERNAL DC BIAS : Standard (Impedance measurement only)
Voltage Range	-35V to +35V, 10 mV step
Setting Accuracy (23° ± 5°C)	0.5% of setting +5 mV
Bias Control	Spot and swept, using front panel controls or HP-IB

3. SELF TEST

El analizador está equipado con una función de autodiagnóstico automático.  Puede ser iniciado desde el panel frontal, presionando las teclas BLUE [37] y SELF TEST [32].

Nota: cada vez que el instrumento es encendido, automáticamente se ejecuta una parte del autodiagnóstico.  Concretamente, se realizan los test 1(durante 1 segundo), 2, 3 y 6 (sólo a 100KHz).  Al finalizar, sólo se muestran los códigos de error (si los hubiese).

4. CÓDIGOS Y MENSAJES

4.1 Códigos de error de operaciones

4.2 Mensajes

5. MEDICIÓN DE IMPEDANCIAS

5.1 Parámetros medidos

El analizador mide impedancia (R+jX) en el modo y admitancia (G+jB) en el modo .  Otros parámetros son calculados a partir de las siguientes fórmulas:

Measurement Parameter	Measurement Equivalent Circuit
|Z|	Ö (R2+X2)	-
|Y|	-	Ö (G2+B2)
q	tan-1 (X/R)	tan-1 (B/G)
L	X  w	-  1   wB
C	-  1   wX	B  w
Q	|X|  R	|B|  G
D	R    |X|	G    |B|

5.2 Visualización de resultados

Los resultados se muestran en las pantallas A y B, según lo indicado en la siguiente tabla:

5.3 Rango de mediciones

El analizador tiene dos rangos de mediciones: AUTO y MANUAL.  El modo se selecciona con las teclas ZY RANGE [25].

Cuando ZY RANGE está en AUTO, automáticamente se selecciona el rango óptimo.

Cuando ZY RANGE está en MANUAL, el rango sólo cambia cuando lo indica el usuario.  Si el rango no es el adecuado, en pantalla aparecerán los mensajes correspondientes.

Los rangos de medición son: para |Z|, R y X ® 0.1mW a 1.2999MW ; |Y|, G y B ® 1nS a 12.999S ; q ® -180.00° a 180.00° ; L ® 0.01mH a 1.000kH ; C ® 0.1pF a 100.0mF ; D ® 0.0001 a 19.999 ; Q ® 0.1 a 1999.9

5.4 Procedimiento: medición de parámetros Z

1- Enchufar y encender el analizador presionando la tecla LINE ON/OFF [1].

2- Confirmar que la lámpara de disparo (Trigger Lamp [2]) comienza a parpadear.

3- Realizar el autodiagnóstico (self test).

Nota: no se garantiza que el equipo trabaje dentro de las especificaciones dadas por el fabricante, si no permanece encendido por lo menos una hora antes de comenzar con las mediciones.

4- Colocar el switch CABLE LENGTH [10] en la posición 0.

5- Conectar el zócalo 16047A a los terminales UNKNOWN [12].

6- Seleccionar el parámetro a medir cuyo valor se observará en el DISPLAY A, presionando las teclas Ý y ß [15].  Se encenderá el indicador adyacente al parámetro seleccionado.

7- Seleccionar el parámetro a medir (compatible con el anterior) cuyo valor se observará en el DISPLAY B, presionando la tecla ß [16].  Se encenderá el indicador adyacente al parámetro seleccionado.

8- Seleccionar el modo circuito equivalente serie o paralelo, presionando las teclas CIRCUIT MODE [27].

9- Seleccionar rango de mediciones [25] (se recomienda en modo AUTO).

10- Presionar la tecla SPOT FREQ [17].  Introducir la frecuencia deseada con las teclas DATA [19] y presionar la tecla ENTER correspondiente a la unidad deseada [20]. (por defecto = 100kHz)

11- Presionar la tecla OSC LEVEL [17].  Introducir el nivel de voltage deseado con las teclas DATA [19] y presionar la tecla ENTER correspondiente a la unidad deseada [20]. (por defecto = 1Vrms)

12- Conectar el dispositivo bajo prueba (=DUT= Device Under Test)

El analizador mostrará los valores medidos del DUT en concordancia con las condiciones de medición.

5.5 Procedimiento: barrido en frecuencia

1- Ajustar los controles para medición de parámetros Z según lo visto en (4.4).

2- Presionar la tecla START FREQ [17].  Introducir la frecuencia de inicio (límite inferior del rango de barrido) con las teclas DATA [19] y presionar la tecla ENTER correspondiente a la unidad deseada [20]. (por defecto = 5Hz)

3- Presionar la tecla STOP FREQ [17].  Introducir la frecuencia de finalización (límite superior del rango de barrido) con las teclas DATA [19] y presionar la tecla ENTER correspondiente a la unidad deseada [20]. (por defecto = 13MHz)

4- Presionar la tecla STEP FREQ [17].  Introducir el paso de frecuencia deseado con las teclas DATA [19] y presionar la tecla ENTER correspondiente a la unidad deseada [20]. (por defecto = 1kHz)

BARRIDO MANUAL

5- Presionar  la tecla SPOT FREQ [17].  Introducir la frecuencia de comienzo deseada con las teclas DATA [19] y presionar la tecla ENTER correspondiente a la unidad deseada [20]. (por defecto = 100kHz)

6- Presionar las teclas STEP UP Ý  o STEP DOWN ß [23] para cambiar la frecuencia según lo indicado antes con la tecla STEP FREQ (4-).  Si la frecuencia ingresada es menor que la frecuencia de inicio o mayor que la frecuencia de finalización, en el DISPLAY C aparecerá un mensaje de error y la medición no se efectuará.  

7- Si las teclas STEP UP Ý  o STEP DOWN ß [23] se presionan simultáneamente con la tecla X10 STEP se obtienen incrementos (o decrementos) de 10 veces el paso seleccionado. Esto se cumple sólo para barridos lineales.

BARRIDO AUTOMÁTICO

5- Presionar la tecla MAN/AUTO [23] para seleccionar el modo barrido automático.  Se deberá encender el indicador correspondiente.

6- Presionar la tecla START UP Ý  [23] para comenzar el barrido desde la frecuencia de inicio hasta la de finalización; o presionar la tecla START DOWN ß [23] para comenzar el barrido desde la frecuencia de finalización hasta la de inicio.

7- Para detener temporalmente el barrido, presionar la tecla PAUSA.  Durante la pausa se pueden cambiar: START FREQ, STOP FREQ, STEP FREQ, la dirección del barrido, y el modo (automático o manual, lineal o logarítmico).  Para reiniciar el barrido presionar las teclas START UP Ý o START DOWN ß [23].

8- Para detener definitivamente el barrido antes de que concluya, presionar la tecla BLUE [37] y luego SWEEP ABORT [36].

Bibliografía:

• Manual de Operación y Servicio del Analizador de Impedancias Hewlett Packard 4192A

Nota: el analizador de impedancias se vuelve a emplear en la asignatura "Teoría de Circuitos II" y su funcionamiento se analiza en "Instrumentos Y Mediciones II"

Teoría de Circuitos I - Última modificación: Agosto 19, 2002